Accessibility, Governance, and Evidence Systems: A Literature Review of Disability Policy in Indonesia (2020–2025)
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Date
2026
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Abstract
Disability policy in Indonesia has advanced through rights-based legal reforms, yet translating
commitments into inclusive practice remains uneven. This study aimed to map dominant themes in Indonesia’s
disability policy literature (2020–2025), identify recurring implementation gaps, and derive evidence-informed
policy implications. A literature review was conducted following PRISMA reporting guidance, applying PECO
based eligibility criteria to peer-reviewed studies indexed in Scopus and to relevant official policy documents. The
included evidence (N = 8) was synthesised qualitatively through thematic synthesis to consolidate heterogeneous
findings across legal, governance, and service-inclusion perspectives. Five cross-cutting themes emerged: (1) rights
based and anti-discrimination orientation, (2) accessibility and reasonable accommodation, (3) inclusion in basic
services (health, education, employment, and social protection), (4) cross-sector governance and coordination, and
(5) disability data and monitoring–evaluation capacity. Across themes, the most persistent gap was the de jure-de
facto divide, in which legal recognition is not consistently embedded into enforceable standards, budgeted routines,
and accountable delivery systems, particularly within decentralised implementation. Policy implications highlight
the need to institutionalise accessibility and accommodation standards, strengthen inter-agency coordination and
oversight pathways, and improve disaggregated disability data to enable measurable evaluation and learning. These
findings support a shift from normative consolidation toward implementation engineering that makes inclusion
deliverable and accountable.